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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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! | C1 v3 H: f4 }3 {, B3 Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ) S* U$ D$ a& g2 Y- T5 W8 N# E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, " w# G3 x8 \& f9 V$ H/ xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! s" y2 H0 O. s# U9 J; ^" o! z2 l2 \. x "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, & X* ^6 C. r% V# k7 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性, M; V$ K3 a% K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- l" u+ x: `2 ]4 P& l" [ "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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; m$ ?) x$ T: M% ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, / a% v* t- C% p: k! Q4 R( }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, $ X# G4 I7 D8 c' | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 \5 m( r* Y: o: X8 ~ "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,% G2 q( q4 p7 N5 i6 c# `2 z, b/ p ! }9 J3 a2 q; m+ mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, $ e6 T% Q" \2 T' i' a9 r( N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 8 j, S0 P5 A# L- q. F$ L" Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( K. }# f% K' \& Y# a"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, , z% s/ R, T' p3 J. @ W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, + b; ] |/ Q1 o0 ~( V% P- e8 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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! j! l8 {" H1 m8 E. l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ' M7 q& D6 W; q% o; M4 }0 ~6 o' d! C2 w) } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 L$ Y5 k4 q; a2 S1 M "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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# o5 W! C" l3 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 0 W! F* r0 G. f0 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ # R M0 z, c m: I9 U6 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” % _0 k/ ]$ g, t1 d0 b/ w* s2 W2 | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 1 C- w/ d4 u& e4 W# y) N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” * H3 n0 j- N& s, v/ @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! T2 q" y2 G) J! k/ u, K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 X0 p6 I7 M, I" F. _8 c"Times New Roman"">前者为因, + N0 J% Z I# |! w8 Z* u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, - V+ d9 V7 P9 n S3 D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ }2 \9 b: H4 l- w& j3 c0 U "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,6 b4 W, ^8 `5 o. q I8 W1 u ( \7 k/ W" Y2 X; l0 ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ) u4 k* C/ {& V8 ^. L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 8 O- ^9 F$ O4 E4 U1 d4 j0 h2 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % m1 |6 k! t7 |"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 0 ^' \3 j% {' `+ z9 P* z8 x9 t1 b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ( Z6 l8 l9 e1 a2 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . V, E+ U: U! l/ y* u- o"Times New Roman"">“ 2 R2 o; V4 O6 e0 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? / {1 w5 \* z' N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 5 e7 k( N' d* g/ r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 9 O; ^. ^! z5 Y# m/ U' z6 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 A# j4 [$ ~- \3 p/ L"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 8 c6 I7 q$ R. C# ^/ ^3 S S8 J3 B3 V0 e- E8 ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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6 s% E T: c8 A0 D& Z' @- Y8 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 6 [( H, i& `9 ?5 D. t7 M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, [' ], }- I* U7 u$ b' `. J4 S# t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% q- j# E& o$ w% X "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,8 F3 k) L6 y R9 j% U: ]9 h+ z4 [ G) G3 m: p: I, R8 |+ Q! A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, $ \/ L7 g' n+ ^* `6 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 l* e/ U" K3 q8 v* U2 {& O"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, * A5 h- R1 z4 Q$ a. {6 P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ' b$ g$ q6 t& Q j( F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里) f' t9 j& {! J$ a4 V. O! j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 5 B' M( l% |7 A+ A9 ?5 \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(+ O6 b& q8 N( o, |+ R: M8 b# W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), . G: m1 U4 G- Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* `. v& d% U3 G$ D1 h N$ _, k "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用# l9 p1 @& ^$ c" J7 A 12.0pt">, ! \3 y* K$ ?4 ?: l1 w "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ) Z- K1 R# H7 Y. K' v5 P; F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 ^, q+ ?; k8 B"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 3 V7 @: H: ~2 |8 v& v7 ~2 T5 f: Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!/ B- Q) v) ]! Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, : d. N9 N8 H7 z, n, Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. c" T. L! T" _6 F. K "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: & b8 O! l) I$ L1 M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, " Y$ f. S" f2 w& P- f" \5 A% o8 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ( `4 h, _ P% X F& w; X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; r! Y) y) a/ ?* A j0 o"Times New Roman"">“ - V$ q( a& p+ l& i# _% k; E- omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”2 J5 ^) Y1 i4 ?: t1 R& K12.0pt"> $ V5 N- T! _; o% g2 ~: r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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" A6 q- w0 Z0 ?- R- s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, . j0 o: B) k: g6 p- `* f- U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, $ m }0 _3 o" V1 ~) P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; A5 P" V% z* s1 L2 L9 x0 \% C"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, $ G/ @8 R4 ?/ ?% {" q, T9 N3 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ' x1 R1 j) z, b$ W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 4 c& `, ~# G# `6 N0 b1 g/ Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 w6 q4 E) b' T"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ / j6 v) x; v( Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 5 p+ v" A/ E3 H' r& |- Y3 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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/ l& A" l i% g6 j8 J8 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, " [2 r9 } b3 f5 M3 J& Q' G, |( o# l$ Q% |, D5 T3 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , @2 g* x4 Z9 L* y: _"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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' m% L4 u% u5 X6 X. X+ a3 A7 Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ' o! o7 }6 r, [) P8 h" p/ p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ( _5 y* p8 k" X9 k( x! S/ q$ ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 c( Y7 p+ \8 [+ n }3 f "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, * L; {' p$ e7 W# Q) w) F2 [5 Y7 \2 V. _7 v" amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 8 X# Y& f# Q2 o- P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ ] l2 r! r9 O) ~$ q( l "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,3 Y' r! R; M% \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, : p# h: C2 g+ S. D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 l4 D% P) V0 p) @# _ "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题7 y6 L, d. \) j6 p# Q 12.0pt">: 3 f# |+ r# e* w, B4 d( T. q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ! H6 x* I! V' n5 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ ~$ e' R( u) M* n+ R "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才; E* z+ p @6 a6 x 12.0pt">, ( o0 T, O; o: B5 G# _$ ?- n- q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ; P! J$ J& `& d5 i3 e9 o3 E5 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 G& V' `; ^# K2 T! ^ "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; z0 g/ f, n: o6 A6 Z7 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 4 e% h% P, `# h8 `! E2 i! j. Z( W1 B5 ` c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ) x& k! f) A: M6 V8 ~; t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + A/ t8 ?+ H# a% w"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题: S& } H B$ s 12.0pt">; ' G: \; }9 d+ F1 C& h3 T) z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 7 k' \9 o; b9 n0 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- p4 m7 l+ m5 T4 ^/ U& ~" p) f "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求/ i) ]1 _. t$ S, C" L2 H12.0pt">: $ k u) F$ N/ z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; $ |1 f6 P0 Z1 m y# l7 {5 d6 k+ y4 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 K: B; W4 z/ ] "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 7 Q- N9 {" \- l; _) q8 M0 O' Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 t' j# R% {' w3 \( Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 E. \% {$ D. z/ P! z"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统. {3 c& Y( J3 f* q/ Q0 A 12.0pt">:

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! P" G+ h& C' u# P5 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, : S- j, p; ~5 B8 @5 J7 Q9 o! o4 V& o6 h& M9 i* n# l/ z+ \& vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& F4 Z6 Q8 K ` "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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/ c1 K+ i- r; w+ ^; R( ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 7 g9 s1 N- A: S; i3 p/ C# { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 C, r5 k* J0 m2 i9 _% g# K( T "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 5 J# p- A" }# ?0 [8 q9 |* o0 P3 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 5 F: z8 T. l* v" Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: P2 y) }9 b7 N- C* E6 s" a$ g "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ' b7 s0 y9 D, O% u4 C) u2 T5 R- o) J) V; O! _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, & a3 `# j/ t- D7 u- T) Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 m" m, p* `, a, v1 S4 Y* z5 ^/ O "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ! I( }# q8 [: n" J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, * }" F" K8 ^2 I2 }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: " F# w, X( v7 Z% K) D0 j: z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 a4 L0 J5 x4 @( q7 ]1 k2 w"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, # s% g( a' X! ]- k7 c" s& m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 6 j. x' g. B$ k; j; B9 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( |9 c, a7 D& B" w% ["Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ) a" _' @& c# E. ]7 a: G! i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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7 `" h. ]4 Z6 a: d8 p* Q) A2 g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,- }" g8 Q, Y6 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 \& X. w* X0 J. i* ^"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定* F. x( {- x$ s, |4 `5 E, U9 @12.0pt">, 2 D4 L# {2 W e7 w "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / N( C. E1 I3 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 U4 A; O" |8 J: ?"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:8 N6 p. ^( q' i O) a; a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, + {" `! K+ j& @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 7 z+ @4 M+ n4 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( G/ B9 i3 P2 W! M J/ F+ s% o! I, ^& O "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' G# j+ ]% \; c, @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 1 C) |9 z% l- R; mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : A4 g8 O5 w* _2 w"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: * ?$ P# [, J- b4 B0 `! X4 Q5 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 0 d; K) B7 K" O; E5 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 4 s2 @ G' w* v# } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( [, I" F9 {3 z1 h l1 C7 u4 y"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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